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or the vast majority of artists, the release of a greatest hits album comes
as a signal that their best work may lie in the past. For Björk, the
opposite is true. “After I finished Vespertine,” she says, “I felt as if I
had completed something. I felt I almost caught up with myself and had done
something I really wanted to do since I was a child. Now I feel I have got a
clean slate, a new beginning to start all over again. I feel like I am at a
crossroads, so it felt like the right time to put out a selection, or more
of a retrospect, of the story so far. ”
he story so far begins in Iceland. Björk Gudmundsdóttir was born in
Reykjavik, Iceland, in 1965, where she grew up in a communal household
(though not a hippie commune, she's keen to point out). Music was played 24
hours a day. "I remember a queue by the record player," she says. "The
record would finish and you'd be ready to put another one on." At the age of
five she was enrolled in music school where she studied flute and piano for
ten years. Then at the age of eleven she made an album with the help of her
mother and friends. A big hit in Iceland, the eponymously titled Björk
featured only one song written by Björk herself, though she became an
Icelandic celebrity on the strength of its success. "I felt a lot of guilt,"
she admits. "I promised myself that I would never front anything unless I
was the one who did it."
o at the age of 13 she started forming punk bands. First came Exodus, then
Tippi Tikarrass, then K.U.K.L., a band that recorded two albums for the
label run by the legendary UK anarchist band, Crass. "When
I was a punk there was no such thing as Icelandic music," she says. "We
had to invent it.” In 1987, Einer Örn, Siggi Baldurson and Björk
formed a new band, called The Sugarcubes, with Thór Eldon, Magga
Örnólfsdóttir and Bragi Olafsson. From their first single, "Birthday", they
were a band with unique qualities, combining a raw post-punk feel with
touches of experimental sonority, affecting melodies and Björk's
extraordinary, exultant singing. The Sugarcubes put Icelandic music on the
world map, with Björk's personality, dress sense and vocal style tailor made
for an increasingly faceless music scene in desperate need of strong,
innovative and self-determined individuals.
y 1992, after 4 albums, The Sugarcubes were ready to split. Their last
release – a remix project - reflected Björk's growing involvement in the UK
dance scene. Beginning a lengthy professional relationship with Graham
Massey, she had recorded with 808 State, singing on two tracks on their
EX:EL album. Then Debut, released in July 1993, changed everything. Produced
by Nellee Hooper, emerging as a leading producer after an apprenticeship in
Bristol's vibrantly eclectic hip-hop scene and massive success with Soul II
Soul, and featuring the string arranging and tablas of Talvin Singh and
brass arrangements by Björk and Oliver Lake, the album introduced Björk as
one of the most unusual solo artists and distinctive vocalists to appear in
years.
ith Debut I was obviously a beginner,” Björk admits. Her producer set up
strange recording environments – a beach at night, a cave full of bats – in
which she could test her limits. “Nellee Hooper was very supportive in
helping me to deal with the world,” she says, “the studio, my sense and
longing for adventure.” Despite the experimentation, more likely because of
it, Debut was full of hugely accessible songs such as “Human Behaviour”,
“Venus As A Boy”, “Big Time Sensuality” and Violently Happy” that still rank
as favourites. |
ince Debut, her work has always followed her
heart. Early days in Reykjavik listening to her grandparents' jazz
collection, her mother's rock records, her classical music education, the
songs, sagas and poetry of Iceland, anarchist punk bands and arguments about
art were all carried with her into the musical vibrancy of London's
stylistic, ethnic and artistic mix. Debut sold over 2.5 million copies
worldwide and was followed in 1993 by Post, an even bigger success that
added Graham Massey, Howie B and Tricky to Nellee Hooper's production
skills. More big songs emerged from the album, including “Army Of Me”,
“Isobel”, “Hyperballad”, “Possibly Maybe”, “I Miss You” and “It’s So Quiet”,
a rare cover version that became Björk’s most successful record.
fter Post's bigger beats and deeper sub-bass and the cartoonish big band
outburst of "It's Oh So Quiet", Homogenic, released in 1997, was more
experimental in its contrasting textures, more bold in its intensity and
structure. Produced by Björk with Mark Bell, Guy Sigsworth and Howie B, this
was a project through which Björk began to feel more confidence in the
breadth of her own ability. “Debut was the first time I talked about
arrangements,” she says. “Towards the end of Debut I talked about rhythms
and towards the end of Post I got braver in that way and produced more.
Maybe Homogenic was the first album where I knew how the whole production,
the big picture, was going to be before it started. With Debut and Post,
sometimes I would have half the song and I would ask someone to complete it,
so it was like a duet collaboration. I guess in Homogenic I started to get a
little more bossy.” Songs like “Joga”, “Bachelorette”, “Hunter”, “Alarm
Call” and “All Is Full Of Love” proved how productive that new independence
could be.
n conversation, Björk speaks often about courage and cowardice, both of
which figure largely in the moral framework of her creative decisions.
Characteristically, she has always pulled back from situations where
celebrity or habit threatened to reduce her freedom, or she has expanded
into areas of high risk where the potential for learning outweighed the
possibility of losing credibility or commercial leverage. Her decision to
both act in the starring role and compose the soundtrack for Lars Von
Trier’s film, Dancer In The Dark, for example, exposed her to vitriolic
criticism from some film critics yet earned respect among those who
recognised her need to move forward and take on new challenges. Her choice
of collaborators over the years – fashion designers Alexander McQueen and
Hussein Chalayan, photographers Nick Knight, Stephane Sednaoui and Nobuyoshi
Araki, video directors Chris Cunningham, Michel Gondry and Spike Jonz,
percussionists Evelyn Glennie and Talvin Singh, remixers Dillinja,
Funkstörung, Mika Vainio and Underworld - is a reflection of this desire to
work with artists at the cutting edge.
ith Vespertine, as ever, she had a sensitive ear for who or what is the
hottest noise: the ferociously detailed micro-rhythms of the San Francisco
duo Matmos, Matthew Herbert or Thomas Knak contrasting with the fragile
acoustic beauty of harp, music box and clavichord. Despite rhythm tracks
constructed by teams that defined state of the art beats, this was a
collection of overpoweringly emotional songs. “Hidden Place”, “Pagan
Poetry”, and “Cocoon” overflowed with gorgeous melodies and exquisitely
inventive arrangements. Immediately recognisable as the creation of Björk,
Vespertine was a distinct progression in her own work, emphatic evidence
that she is totally beyond comparison with anybody else in her field. |